There are not a great many sites focusing just on the history of children and childhood. Still, there are some, and there is information about children in the other categories on this site.

Society for the History of Children and Youth
This is a good place to start your search. There is a page of links to other sites, including a number for the professional historian.

Adoption History Project
This site includes a brief history of adoption, a timeline, and information about major figures in adoption. It includes a good bibliography and, even more interesting, an online archive of historical documents.

Campaign to End Child Labor
American Studies scholar Jim Zwick has compiled documents, political cartoons, information about legislation, and a great deal of other valuable material about child labor.

Do History: Children in History (University of Houston)
Just one section of a remarkably valuable site on how to teach and learn history. There is a ton of stuff here.

The History of Children and Youth in Latin America
The site includes a small but interesting collection of essays about childhood and youth in Latin America.

History of American Education Web Project
This was originally undertaken as a class assignment by members of an undergraduate Foundations of Education class. Their professor warns, "Many of the sources which the students used contained a rather triumphalist view of American Educational History and the students' reports tended to reflect that view." Keeping that in mind, there is some valuable information here.

Human Rights Watch: Child Labor
If you're interested in the history that is being made now around the world with regard to children, this is highly informative site.

Images

History Place: Child Labor in America  1908-1912 The Photographs of Lewis W. Hine
A collection of photographs organized by type of work

National Child Labor Committee (Library of Congress)
Selected images from the special collection.

Books

Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth-Century America, by Wilma King

America's Children:Picturing Childhood from Exploration to the Present, by Hilary Mac Austin and Kathleen Thompson

Girlhood in America: An Encyclopedia, edited by Miriam Formanek-Brunell

Made to Play House: Dolls and the Commercialization of American Girlhood, 1830-1930 Miriam Formanek-Brunell

A History of Childhood: Children and Childhood in the West from Medieval to Modern Times (Themes in History) by Colin Heywood

Childhood in America by Paula S. Fass

Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America by Peter N. Stearns

Domestic Revolutions : A Social History Of American Family Life by Steven Mintz

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Half of a stereograph by Underwood and Underwood, 1894. Austin/Thompson Collection.